Glossary

Married to François II at the age of 16 but widowed two years later when her husband fell to disease, after which she returned to Scotland. Her second husband, Lord Darnley, was assassinated, and rumor at the time pegged Mary as the key conspirator. Her third marriage to the Earl of Bothwell was fiercely opposed by the nobility of the time, and Mary fled to the protection of Queen Elizabeth of England after being attacked. Instead, however, she was imprisoned by Elizabeth in a small castle on an island in the middle of a lake. In the end, her life was rocked by the wars of the day between Catholics and Protestants.

A military and political leader, and writer of ancient Rome.

An English mathematician who laid the theoretical groundwork for today's computers and is called the father of computer science.

The name of the cryptography system used by the German army during World War II.

An American mathematician who founded communication theory and is called the father of information theory.

When shopping over the Internet, we use RSA encryption as described in processes from [1] to [3].

Computers require algorithms to solve problems. Peter Shor, an American computer scientist, proposed an algorithm for using quantum computers to factor large numbers quickly.